funds was designed to be neutral to general market movements, by combining ; Jeff Joseph Rydex Capital, “Investing in a hedge fund of funds: what. wealth creators. Performance. From prime property to luxury investments, the results of our regular datasets. 14 Accumulation, assets. fostering investment. Nicholas Stern, IG Patel Professor of Economics and Government and Chair of the. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the. FOREX TABLE

Our world continues to become less, not more, sustainable. Sustainable Business 2. While one ozone depletion is on the mend, scientists believe we have overshot the boundaries of three: climate change, biodiversity loss, and biogeochemical flows nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. Further indicators are also blinking red, such as ocean acidification, freshwater use, and deforestation.

The remaining two boundaries—chemical pollution and atmospheric particle pollution—require more data to assess. All of these disruptions are the result of system failures created largely by our market institutions. They will have to be remedied by those institutions. Fortunately, capitalism can be quite malleable. It is designed by human beings in the service of human beings, and it can evolve to meet the changing needs of human beings. This has happened throughout its history to address issues such as monopoly power, collusion, and price-fixing.

Many companies recognize this challenge and are pushing for new market models. Corporate decision makers have a key role to play in facilitating this transition. For example, to turn around the KPI of climate change, the market must go carbon neutral and eventually go carbon negative. It requires a change in the overall market. Real sustainability is a property of a system. A more sustainable energy system incorporates the whole grid, encompassing generation, transmission, distribution, use, and mobility.

We can already see signals of this change happening as new energy sources, distributed energy, demand-side management, smart appliances, and smart meters are beginning to transform our conceptions of energy. Already, jobs in the clean energy sector have exceeded those in oil drilling. But the energy renaissance goes further. Electric vehicles have the potential to change the grid, leveling the electricity demand curve by charging at night and providing storage capacity during the day for intermittent energy sources like wind and solar.

Already, a Nissan Leaf automobile owner in Japan can buy a transformer to power the house off the battery pack during a power failure. Research is under way to scale this concept and allow consumers to rent their batteries to utilities while their car is parked. Electric vehicles are also transforming the auto industry.

Who could have predicted 20 years ago that new entrants like Tesla would enjoy a larger market capitalization than General Motors? And as the shift to driverless cars continues, IT companies such as Apple and Alphabet have entered the fray, shifting success factors in the auto sector from hardware to software, and with them our conceptions of personal mobility. For example, as incumbents such as Ford Motor seek to become mobility providers, they must learn to operate like the airline industry, where profits increase when their cars spend minimal time idling.

Fewer cars on the road means repurposing unneeded roads, parking lots, garages, and service stations. Systemic Corporate Strategies As we see with the energy and transportation sectors, the potential scope of market transformation is vast.

To help flesh this out, we can conceive this sustainability revolution as proceeding from two initial phases. First, corporations rethink their business strategies to play a stronger role in guiding the sustainability of the systems of which they are a part.

Second, the business model itself undergoes reconceptualization. The first phase includes at least four new ways of conceiving their approach to operations, partnerships, government engagement, and transparency. New conceptions of operations Market transformation calls for optimizing supply-chain logistics to reduce risks from numerous factors such as disruptions due to increased storm severity caused by climate change; current and future resource availability and price volatility; accelerating emissions and concerns for public health and the environment; and the future resilience of business and civil society.

These risks can directly affect assets and operations, availability and costs of inputs, regulation of sourcing and distribution, workforce availability and productivity, and stakeholder reputation. To better manage such operational systems, companies are moving away from linear models in which items are created, used, and disposed of once they reach their end of serviceable life, and toward circular models, where items are created, used, and then either restored or reprocessed to recover energy or materials that can be used again.

One key to this new vision of a circular economy is that it is regenerative by design; it is organized to keep products, components, and materials at their highest utility and value at all times. For example, industrial and consumer products company Ricoh has concluded that by , there will be an insufficient supply of many reasonably priced raw materials to support its manufacturing needs.

To change the system around it, the company is also helping its customers reduce energy use, carbon footprint, and virgin material use while also expanding its own opportunities for product refurbishing, recycling, and new designs. Targets include reducing virgin resource use by 25 percent by and For example, as Ford increased its research and development in hybrid and electric drivetrains, it saw an opportunity in how customers would live more electrified lifestyles overall.

Together with Infineon, SunPower, Whirlpool, and Eaton, Ford developed the MyEnergi Lifestyle program , exploring ways in which hybrid electric vehicles, solar power systems, energy-efficient appliances, and home design can be integrated to reduce the total carbon footprint. New conceptions of government engagement Very few business schools offer courses on collaborative and constructive lobbying.

Indeed, the public perceptions of lobbying are generally negative. But lobbying is basic to democratic politics as governments seek guidance on how to set the rules of the market and usher reforms as needed. Forward-thinking companies are looking for ways to participate constructively in policy formation.

For example, Intel was instrumental in calling attention to the horrors of tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo. While the company could have simply stopped sourcing such conflict minerals from the region, it did not want to create additional hardship for legal mining operations. Instead, it helped create provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the tracking and disclosure of such mineral sourcing within the broader electronics industry.

This is not unusual. Companies are also working with governments to phase out heat-trapping HFC chemicals and setting new efficiency standards on trucks. The Paris Agreement on climate change would not have been possible without the powerful business interests that helped broker a deal. In each of these examples, business took a responsible position in bringing about a sustainable shift in the market through policy.

New conceptions of transparency The only way that market transformation will be successful is through trust, and trust can be gained only through greater transparency. The expansion of corporate influence in society, particularly as it relates to government, will make some justifiably uneasy. But robust reporting mechanisms can help allay those fears and also help protect companies from the effects of misconduct, including legal liability and penalties.

To be sure, companies are already disclosing numerous sustainability indicators through established standards, such as the globally recognized Global Reporting Initiative or Carbon Disclosure Project. But transparency goes further as companies face increasing demands for data, for both internal management and external validation, under the watchful eye of activists, investors, suppliers, buyers, employees, and customers. The gathering and dissemination of such information can open up new awareness of supply-chain risks and opportunities.

For example, IBM and partner companies are experimenting with blockchain technology to transform visibility and traceability in complex, often opaque, global supply chains. In , IBM piloted supplychain blockchain with Walmart to address food safety in its global supply and distribution network and plans to roll it out further with nine global agricultural companies.

But in a dramatic shift from standard practices of privacy and nondisclosure, the company posted the report online, imposed new requirements on suppliers, and commissioned outside auditors to assure compliance. This public disclosure compelled other companies that source fish in Thailand to follow suit, shifting the competitive dynamics of supply-chain logistics. New Ways of Doing Business Market transformation not only compels more systemic business strategies but also challenges traditional ways of conceiving business itself.

It demands new conceptions of corporate purpose, notions of consumption, and models and metrics of business success. But the narrow pursuit of shareholder value leads to excessively short time horizons for investment planning and measures of success. For example, benefit corporations are one type of innovation that seeks to integrate a broader array of objectives than simply profits into its forms of organizing, governance, and legal statement of purpose.

And other companies are watching closely, sometime mimicking them. This trend has caught on among MBA students who challenge conventional thinking around capitalism and corporate purpose. For example, Patagonia, through its Common Threads Initiative , encourages people to buy used Patagonia products on eBay before going to the store to buy them new. In the end, resource use must be reduced at the source, and that means developing new models of consumption.

New conceptions of business models and metrics Market transformation requires a compelling new business model to replace traditional ones that dominate business thinking. For example, neoclassical economics and agency theory employ dismally simplified models of human beings as driven primarily by selfishness, where those running the company agents will shirk or even steal from the owner principal if they do the work and the owner gets the profits.

The main reason of its poor growth is that the mutual fund industry in India is new in the country. Large sections of Indian investors are yet to be familiarized with the concept. Hence, it is the prime responsibility of all mutual fund companies, to market the product correctly abreast of selling. An investor or investment fund that is from or registered in a country outside of the one in which it is currently investing.

Institutional investors include hedge funds, insurance companies, pension funds and mutual funds. International institutional investors must register with the Securities and Exchange Board of India to participate in the market. FII investment is frequently referred to as hot money for the reason that it can leave the country at the same speed at which it comes in.

This has become one of the main channels of international portfolio investment in India for foreigners The trickle of FII flows to India that began in January has gradually expanded to an average monthly inflow of close to Rs.

The sources of these FII flows are varied. The FIIs registered with SEBI come from as many as 28 countries including money management companies operating in India on behalf of foreign investors. In particular institutions operating from Luxembourg, Cayman Islands or Channel Islands, or even those based at Singapore or Hong Kong are likely to be investing funds largely on behalf of residents in other countries.

In India, retail investors play a very small role in capital markets. This is mainly due to the risk aversion. The retail investors are mainly concentrated in four metros and Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad has major chunk of retail investors who are very much active in the stock investors. But slowly this scenario is changing with the increase in the number of Demat accounts through which these investors mainly invest. But with Indian capital markets gaining popularity, there is high scope that the participation of retail investors will gradually increase.

In Japan, too hedge funds are becoming the focus of more attention. Industry participants believe that Asia could be the next region of growth for the hedge fund industry. The potential of Asian hedge funds is well supported by fundamentals. From an investment perspective, the volatility in the Asian markets in recent years has allowed long-short and other strategic players to out perform regional indices. The relative inefficiency of the regional markets also presents arbitrage opportunities from a demand stand point US and European investors are expected to turn to alternatives in Asia as capacity in their home markets diminish.

Further, the improving economic climate in South East Asia should help foreign fund managers and investors to refocus their attention on the region. Overall, hedge funds look set to play a larger role in Asia. Many hedge fund advisors take speculative trading positions on behalf of their managed hedge funds based extensive research about the true value or future value of a security.

They may also use short term trading strategies to exploit perceived mis-pricings of securities. Because securities markets are dynamic, the result of such trading is that market prices of securities will move toward their true value. Trading on behalf of hedge funds can thus bring price information to the securities markets, which can translate into market price efficiency.

Hedge funds also provide liquidity to the capital markets by participating in the market. They often assume risks by serving as ready counter parties to entities that wish to hedge risks. For example, hedge funds are buyers and sellers of certain derivatives, such as securitized financial instruments, that provide a mechanism for banks and other creditors to un-bundle the risks involved in real economic activity.

By actively participating in the secondary market for these instruments, hedge funds can help such entities to reduce or manage their own risks because a portion of the financial risks are shifted to investors in the form of these tradable financial instruments.

By reallocating financial risks, this market activity provides the added benefit of lowering the financing costs shouldered by other sectors of the economy. The absence of hedge funds from these markets could lead to fewer risk management choices and a higher cost of capital. Hedge fund can also serve as an important risk management tool for investors by providing valuable portfolio diversification. Hedge fund strategies are typically designed to protect investment principal.

Hedge funds frequently use investment instruments e. In addition, hedge funds investment performance can exhibit low correlation to that of traditional investments in the equity and fixed income markets. Institutional investors have used hedge funds to diversify their investments based on this historic low correlation with overall market activity.

We have however, no information about any hedge funds domiciled in India. Further, on account of limited convertibility, offshore hedge funds have yet to offer their products to Indian investors within India. The liberalized scheme will allow Indian individual investors to explore the possibility of investing in offshore financial products. Through this route hedge funs can derive economic benefit of investing in Indian securities without directly entering the Indian market as FIIs or their sub-accounts.

Through recent amendments to the FII Regulations Regulation 15A and 20 A , the regulatory regime has been further strengthened and periodic disclosures regime has been introduced. As at the end of March, , total investment by hedge funds. In the offshore derivative instruments PNs against Indian equity, are Rs.

The fiscal year has seen a spectacular increase in FII activities in Indian market. Robust economic fundamentals, strong corporate earnings and improvement in market micro structure are driving the FII interest in India. Investors all over the world are keen to come to Indian market. From informal discussions with institutional investors including some reputed and well established hedge funds, one could gauge the extent of interest they have about Indian markets. Brokers buy or sell securities on behalf of their clients on their proprietary account and issue such notes in favor of such foreign investors.

Participatory Notes are simple derivative instruments that investors not registered in India or Mauritius use to trade in Indian markets. These investors place their order through brokerage houses that have Mauritius-based FII accounts. The brokerage houses then repatriate the dividends and capital gains back to these entities. In this case, the broker acts like an exchange: it executes the trade and uses its internal accounts to settle the trade.

That is why capital market regulators dislike P-notes. Now, obviously the Chinese economy is larger, but the capital markets are better developed in India. If you look at the stock market, even if you were to include Hong Kong, the market cap in China relative to its GDP is lower. So if you're looking for investment opportunities where you won't suffer the consequences of illiquidity, India is the more attractive opportunity. There is also enough liquidity in the big stocks for [domestic] investors to sell short.

Even though there are restrictions, these are less binding than in other emerging markets. Kamdar concurs and says, "The only matter that I find worrisome is that most of the time, without any substantial evidences the world over, any crisis in stick market is conveniently attributed to hedge funds. Now, with the transaction tax levied on trades carried out in the stock market, these increased volumes will also lead to revenue for the government.

According to the authors of Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers , the three quantifiable risks, market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk are interrelated and as such should be studied separately as well as together, i. Furthermore, the effect of leverage on all three key risk factors should also be properly assessed, as insolvency risk becomes a vital point.

Botteron and Villager Risk Management Overview go further and divide the risk universe into exogenous intertwining risks, common to all markets, which include market, credit and liquidity risks, and endogenous risks, addressed by internal measures and regular due diligence, including operational and model risks.

Figure 2. Due to global macroeconomic perspectives their can be an event of market sudden slump. And the herding mentality of the Hedge Funds adds to this slump by continuously withdrawing money from the markets. Mostly interest rates, bond yields and the security prices are inter-related. So a small slump in one market leads to an adverse effect in other markets also. The strategy of Fixed income instruments is to invest in corporate bonds and government bonds, so as to get risk free rate of return.

The bond yields depends a lot on the Interest rate prevailing and also inflation figures. The spread between long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates reflects, for example, the degree of inflation risk. When anxiety is high regarding inflation, the spread widens as investors demand higher long-term rates as compensation. And hedge funds known as Hot Money, if they sense in any risk in near future they exit the market. But due to the huge investments and huge leveraged positions it carries out results in turmoil in the bond market.

The Bond market is a classical example to show the effect of this kind of investment strategy. A position with a delta of zero is called delta neutral or delta hedged. Rebalancing or periodic adjustment is necessary to keep a position delta hedged as delta changes all the time.

This provides protection against small stock price movements. However, for larger movements, gamma1 neutrality is required. This is also one of the impacts on the Indian Capital Market. The Greek letter Vega measures the impact of the change in volatility on the value of an option.

When Vega is high, the option is very sensitive to small changes in stock price volatility. Vega neutrality protects from such situations. Gamma is the first derivative of delta; it measures the delta sensitivity to changes in the underlying stock price. The larger the gamma, the more sensitive is the delta to stock price changes and the more frequent the required rebalancing. For example the correlation between the stock prices and their derivative instruments.

Also the correlation between different industries like the construction and steel and cement industry. There is also reverse correlation between stock prices plummeted and bond markets rose and vice-versa Jaeger, R. This is particular to Managed Futures. Just like equities, commodities are subject to delta and volatility risks. Due to alternative positions of hedging the volatility of the derivative prices increases.

In order to get absolute gains, Hedge Funds try to increase bets on one position and keep on adding to that net position. Amaranth LLC is the best example to suit this type of risk. Due to huge leverage positions build up in these two futures, the losses kept on accumulated. Due to huge losses the fund has to be liquidated there by impacting to a great extent the futures price of the crude. The strategy of managed futures is to get money out of the arbitrage of currency fluctuations.

Hedge Funds are not long-term players and they invest for a short period of time. So this Hot money may try to capitalize the currency fluctuations that happen regularly. East Asian crisis and the recent Yuan Carry of trade phenomenon can be attributed to this type of Managed Futures trading strategy of Hedge Funds. This led to the Asian Financial Crisis. This type of risk becomes critical while handling derivatives. When investors perceive a high credit risk, they demand a higher yield on the money they lend and vice-versa.

Indian markets follow the system of Mark-to-Market settlement. But this system is not exercised in case of private players who take a large leverage positions. Due to the large leverage position builds up and due to the increase in volatility of the prices of derivative instruments this type of risk arises.

The mayhem created in the stock markets in May can be attributed to the credit risk arising of the Distressed securities and Convertible arbitrage strategies. Due to this their was a slump in the market to a certain extent. But due to the drop in prices their was a call by many players to withdrew from the market. Due to this selling many big investors suffered and to cut down the losses and pay the margin money their was an across the board selling. Thus if big and hot money like Hedge Funds leads to this type of margin pressures there could be a bigger slump and increased volatility in the stock prices.

It can be further subdivided into three risks. The First one is related to short selling activity; a manager might be forced to repurchase a borrowed asset due to an adverse market condition. The second risk affects the cash reserves of a fund, as it may have to redeem part of its debt obligations or pay margin calls. Liquidity is one of the main problems in the Indian Stock markets.

Liquidity problem is the main problem facing FIIs. The only option for FIIs is to trade among themselves. There is also the danger that they may lose value of their investments if they sell in a big way. Soueissy, M. Sophisticated software has been heavily relied upon in the past and will continue to do so and erroneous results could jeopardize a whole strategy. The simplest example would be an out dated model that is no longer reliable to correctly evaluate present new market conditions.

Indeed, all funds that are faced with foreign exchange issues try to put in place effective hedging techniques using futures, forwards and other swap instruments; sometimes, they fail and losses arise. For example, in , Fenchurch Capital Management, a fixed income arbitrage fund switched from U. Fraud: can range from reporting false performance figures to downright theft of the money to be managed.

The fund pleaded guilty to securities fraud, theft and misappropriation of property. In social research, methodology is defined very broadly e. Like theories, methodologies cannot be true or false, only more or less useful. The study has been done to get an insight into the Hedge Funds and their investment strategies, so as to make an analytical study about their impact on Indian Capital markets. Hence, the research type is Exploratory. After the relationship is established, a detailed analysis of the hedge fund strategies of investment is done.

Also an analytical study of Hedge funds impact on Indian Capital markets is done based on individual investment strategy. Qualitative and Quantitative research can be seen to represent two paradigms, each historically assuming different ontology and epistemologies, assumptions, values, and philosophy underlying methods and techniques, and their use are inherent in these paradigms Evans, A Qualitative research is defined by Strauss and Corbin as "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification".

For our analysis and interpretation we have used Qualitative research. I will be adopting Quantitative method as a part of my research study as numerical calculations and facts and figures are more important to understand properly the impact of hedge funds on the Indian Capital Market. It will be a more justifiable method here in this research rather than analyzing answers from the respondents in the form of Questionnaires, Interviews and other feedbacks.

Malhotra a research design is a blueprint or framework for conducting the research project. In simple words it is a plan for study that guides the collection and analysis of data. One of its key features is to join the parts and phases of the enquiry together.

It should be comprehensive in its coverage of the work i. A research design lays the base for conducting the project and ensures that the research plan is conducted efficiently and effectively. This research has been undertaken to explore the possible impacts of hedge funds on the Indian Capital Market.

For this as discussed earlier Quantitative research is adopted in which certain statistical techniques are utilized. This study is to elucidate the different strategies of Hedge Fund managers and their possible impact on Indian Capital markets and to understand how hedge funds are beneficial.

The main objectives of this dissertation are: 1 To study the Hedge Fund investment strategies, as these investment vehicles are dreaded in many countries. The objectives of this study were to study the Hedge Fund investment strategies, as these investment vehicles are dreaded in many countries.

After doing a detailed study of the strategies, an analytical framework is done whether there is any potential for Hedge Funds in India and also to study the possible impact of Hedge Funds on the Indian Financial Markets. After the relationship is established, a small study on the relationship between the key Hedge Fund indices and the corresponding Strategy Index is taken to establish whether the Hedge Fund strategies has any direct relationship to four biggest crisis in the Financial World.

The four crises taken for study are 1 Bond Crisis 2 Thai Crisis 3 Russian Crisis 4 TMT Crisis After the relationship is established, a detailed analysis of the hedge fund strategies of investment is done. The data from is taken because, after in free regulations regarding FII were introduced.

Therefore it is thus established that there is strong relationship between the Hedge Fund inflows and the Sensex returns Also the correlation between the Hedge Funds turnover and the Sensex returns is 0. Therefore the Hedge fund inflows result in a positive return in the Sensex. The returns are compared and an analytical framework is arrived in the end by observing the returns. The HFRI was up by 5. This was its worst performance on record.

The HFRI was down by 4. The HFRI was up by Crash: up by 3. Crisis Crash: up 0. Crisis down 4. Crash: down 2. Crisis 9. Crisis down Crash: down Crash: down 7. Crisis down 6. This proves that Hedge Funds played a vital role in the culmination of the above said crisis. Hedge funds as a whole are becoming an important segment of the asset management industry and gaining popularity from investors particularly from the high net worth investors, universities, charitable funds, endowments, pension funds, insurance and other institutional investors.

The assets under management of the hedge funds are growing on a double digit rate. All hedge funds are not necessarily speculative funds though most of them provide an alternative investment options for the investors through innovative investment strategy. Many people argue that a hedge fund has a short investment horizon and that its investments would be volatile — hot money — while the regulated FII has a longer horizon and its investments would be less volatile.

However, as finance theory teaches us, correlations are usually more important than volatility. Investments by regulated FIIs tend to be highly correlated because they face common redemption pressures and common home country regulatory environments. Hedge funds by contrast tend to be contrarian and their strategies are less correlated with each other and with regulated FIIs. In other words, hedge funds are less subject to herding behavior than regulated FIIs.

It is clear and acknowledged by all that the FIIs have been the main drivers of the market from Then why go after those who ushered in the feel good factor in the markets? The retail investor is clearly absent in the market. Domestic mutual funds till recently were net sellers in the markets, who have gained substantially in improving their NAVs from the FII-led bull run. Domestic institutions and banks are the other segments that have benefited from the debt markets, and this has boosted their other income and thus net profits enabling them to write off their bad debts.

All this has happened on the back of liquidity provided by the FIIs. If everyone is benefiting, why blame the PN investors. Once bitten retail investors who lost their shirt, got an opportunity to exit from their investments profitably in this bull run. Due to their investments though volatility has increased but it has negated the herding mentality of most FIIs.

For example during the recent slump in the world and Indian markets in Feb and March is attributed to the herding mentality of FIIs. But this was largely negated due to the investments by Hedge funds in the Indian markets. But this was negated due to the inflow of Hedge funds and these hedge funds brought some relief by pumping their money into the market because of which the Index again surged back to comfortable levels.

They fall under the nondirectional category as they mostly target spreads based on the presumption that the market will eventually correct these mispricings. Historically, relative value strategies have been characterized by low exposure to market risk and moderate and stable returns and as such can be seen as Risk Reducers Amenc, Martellini and Vaissie, The four types of relative value strategies: 4.

This has the effect of magnifying profits stemming from standstill income, mispricings and equity volatility. Tremont divides the life of the convertible bond into four stages. In the second stage, stage B, the stock price is low, the option is out of the money, and the hedge is reduced by buying back some shares. As in stage A, the convertible is closer to a straight fixed income.

In the third stage, stage C, the option is at the money and the conversion price is almost equal to the quoted share price. Here, the arbitrageur typically gains from volatility as he earns his static return while waiting for the stock price to significantly move, whether upward or downward.

In the fourth stage, stage D, the option becomes in the money as stock prices soar. The hedge must be adjusted by selling short more shares. So, in analyzing the fair value of the convertible bond, quantitative models are used. Since these investments are for short duration and also Corporate Bonds help Companies to raise capital at low interest, the alternative strategies of Hedge funds will give raise to price fluctuations of stock prices of the company there by increasing the cost of capital to the company.

Factors like yield curves, credit ratings, expected cash flows, volatility curves, and son come into play all affecting the price of fixed income instruments; as a result, sophisticated valuation models are heavily relied upon. Leverage, which can range from 10 to 15 times NAV, is used to magnify profits, as spreads tend to be very small 3 to 20 basis points. Fung and Hseih find that fixed income arbitrage funds in particular and arbitrage funds in general are short volatility, i.

Due to its use of convergence trading this strategy has raised much awareness since the collapse of the LTCM fund. They appear to be short a put option on economic disaster insurance. When economic disaster takes place, as in the case of a financial crisis, this option becomes in the money and fixed income strategies lose money.

They try to gain on the difference between the yields on different currency bills. Though these types of Hedge Funds are absent in India because there is no free convertibility of Rupee, this strategy may pose danger in future when India is planning to allow Capital Account Convertibility. Mortgage backed securities are debt instruments that use residential or commercial mortgages as collateral and offer higher yields as they bear specific risks.

On all occasions these agencies guarantee payments on the loans. Ratings vary from AAA to non-investment grade. Timing of interest and principal cash flows of these MBS callable bonds are uncertain. Sophisticated tools are used by hedge fund managers to properly evaluate this prepayment option.

These tools take into consideration that prepayments can originate form economic as well as non-economic reasons, such as homeowner mobility, death and divorce. A suitable strategy is to go long MBS and hedge interest rate exposure by selling short Treasuries or other MBS or using fixed income derivatives or callable bonds. Equity Market Neutral: This strategy which uses leverage to magnify earnings, profits from equity market price discrepancies by taking positions with a total zero or negligible net exposure whether in currency, beta, sector or industry.

This category could be further classified into statistical arbitrage and fundamental arbitrage. Pair trading constitutes a good example where two stocks from the same industry sector are chosen to be held respectively long and short to offset any exposure to market risk. One major disadvantage of this strategy is the frequency of transactions required to maintain the position hedged; could prove costly both in terms of funds allocated and tax considerations. In an efficient market, the price of a share of a company reflects the earning potential of the company.

But since Indian capital market still in a nascent stage, is not a perfect efficient market. So, in this case Hedge Funds will prove to be a boon in making an efficient market. These events include spin-offs, mergers and acquisitions, liquidations, bankruptcy reorganizations and share buybacks.

Amenc, Martellini and Vaissie characterize event driven strategies as return enhancers as they are highly correlated with the market and offer high risk-adjusted returns. There are two sub-categories: merger arbitrage and distressed securities. The spread can be quite large and will often fluctuate over time as the market assesses what the main participants in the deal want. Since deal risk is high, arbitrageurs diversify by seeking at least 30 deals that are not closely correlated and avoid hostile takeovers.

INFERENCE Indian economy is booming like never before and due to huge amount of surplus among Indian companies, they are buying new entities, and some companies for consolidation are merging with other companies. This investment strategy, mainly invests in companies which are planning to merge or one company buying another company.

This results in the bidding company revising the ask price, thereby an increase in the outflow of more capital from the bidding company. This strategy is a boon for the target company and bane for bidding company. These companies are typically classified below investment grade or called fallen angels and as such their stocks trade at significant discount from par.

Chapter 11 filling is defined as "companies filing for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection are seeking a courts supervised reorganization of the firm, while affording relief from interest payments due to existing creditors. The investment is in the form of a venture capitalist, where capital is infused into the company to make it profitable. These investments are very much needed in India because of high interest rates, where bankrupt companies cannot raise fresh capital.

India is now in need of these type of investments which bring with them market knowledge and expertise. They seek to exploit market opportunities. A few of them are global macro and short selling. Derivatives are also used to highlight the impact of market moves. The key to success in this strategy is timing the market not inevitably exploiting market inefficiencies.

Returns can be very high but are also very volatile. The year witnessed a come back for global macro funds after a four-year exodus due to heavy losses. Performance varies widely from fund to fund because individual strategies are so different, relying heavily on specialized skills and sometimes even luck.

This money gradually flowed into the Indian capital markets. Due to this flow there was a significant increase in the stock prices and key indices. But in due time the Yuan appreciated against the dollar because of robust Japanese economy and weak employment and economic forecast of USA. This led to the free outflow of Japanese money from Indian markets which again led to free fall of Indices and stock prices. Due to this the volatility increased to a great extent which is not a good sign for an Emerging market like India.

They also earn from the interest earned on the cash proceeds from the short sale. Usually, the stock lender takes collateral in exchange of the loan, typically the cash proceeds from the short sale. This is given back to the manager at the end of the transaction. A margin account is also set up where more money than is necessary to buy back the stock is maintained at any time. Security selection is the key in this strategy. Hedge Fund Research estimated dedicated short sellers to account for 0.

The bull market of the 90s had severely damaged the reputation of such funds. However, unlike equity hedge, they do not constantly have a hedge in place; they may implement one if market conditions call for it. If they identify a profitable opportunity in the market they may also sell short. They are mostly stock pickers and sometimes use leverage to magnify returns.

CHPATER 14 ALCOHOL PHENOL AND ETHERS TEST BANK

Investors are looking for downside protection while maintaining good returns—and market-neutral investing has emerged as a leading method to meet that need. In this book, industry expert Joseph G. Nicholas explores new approaches to return enhancement and risk reduction through market-neutral strategies.

Market-neutral investments are attractive because they have produced substantially better risk-adjusted returns than the market during the past ten years. The complexities created by the combination of longs, shorts, and leverage, however, make market-neutral strategies very different from conventional investments. What Is Market Neutral? Basic Concepts. Relationship Investing.

Understanding Market-Neutral Approaches. Chapter 2: Developments in the Hedge Fund Industry. Hedge Fund Industry Assets. Hedge Fund Investors. Hedge Fund Strategies. Reducing Exposure to Risk. Market-Neutral and Hedged Strategies. Convertible Arbitrage. Fixed-Income Arbitrage. Mortgage-Backed Securities Arbitrage. Merger Arbitrage. Equity Hedge. Equity Market-Neutral and Statistical Arbitrage. Relative Value Arbitrage. Achieving Superior Risk-Adjusted Returns.

Assessing the Risks. Focusing on the Underlying Strategies. Chapter 4: Convertible Arbitrage. Convertible Bond Valuation. Statistical Advantage. Convertible Valuation Components. Convertible Arbitrage Approaches. Quantitative Screens. Kinds of Hedges. Setting Up a Market-Neutral Hedge. Setting up a Bullish Hedge.

Setting up a Bearish Hedge. Risks and Risk Control. Fundamental Analysis. Hedge Analysis. Portfolio Construction. Source of Return. Convertible Bond Market History. Recent Growth and Developments in Convertible Arbitrage. Performance in Adverse Market Conditions. Historical Examples. Chapter 5: Fixed-Income Arbitrage.

Fixed-Income Arbitrage Approaches. Asset Swaps. TED Spreads. Yield Curve Arbitrage. Relative Value Trades. Measuring and Controlling Interest Rate Risk. Sources of Return. Repurchase Agreements. Manager Skill and Hard Work. Chapter 6: Mortgage-Backed Securities Arbitrage. Mortgage-Backed Structures or Sectors. Types of MBS Instruments. CMO Tranches. Valuation Methods. Option-Adjusted Spreads. Information Systems. Effective and Partial Duration. Parallel and Rotational Shifts of the Yield Curve.

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